Allusions


 * Please focus only on allusions that contribute in some way to the major characters, motifs, or themes

If you would like to add to the explanation of the allusion, please add to a numbered comment that already exist if your response adds to that thread; start a new number only if you are starting a new idea.
 * Please keep information organized
 * Aspects of the definition should be bullet-pointed; separate similar aspects of the definition with a semicolon; start a new bullet point if the definition you're adding is a completely different point
 * 1) After the definition, using numbers, explain the significance of the allusion to the work; separate similar points of the same explanation with a semicolon; start a new number if you're adding a completely different point

FORMATTING EXAMPLE:
 * DO NOT just copy and paste. All information must be written in your own words - find the information and then summarize it in a succinct format

**__Allusion - Book # - Chapter #, Pg# (Bolded and Underlined)__**
"Exact quotation from the book - in quotation marks and long enough that the sense of how the allusion is being used is clear."
 * Definition/explanation of what the allusion is
 * Additional definitions/explanations if necessary
 * 1) Explanation of how this allusion contributes to our understanding of the character/text - push the explanation to the "so what?"
 * 2) Additional explanation of the significance of this allusion

**Literary Allusions**

__**Bacchus - 2-5, Pg 90**__ "The learned profession of the Law was certainly not behind any other learned profession in its Bacchanalian propensities; neither was Mr. Stryver, already fast shouldering his way to a large and lucrative practice, behind his compeers in this particular, any more than in the drier parts of the legal race." "From these decayed sons and daughters of Gaul, she had acquired such wonderful arts, that the woman and girl who formed the staff of domestics regarded her as quite a Sorceress, or Cinderella's Godmother: who would send out for a fowl, a rabbit, a vegetable or two from the garden, and change them into anything she pleased."
 * Dionysus is originally the Greek god of the grape harvest, winemaking, wine, and of ritual madness and ecstasy in Greek mythology. Bacchus is simply the Roman title for the same god but in their culture. The word bacchanal directly means a drunken party, rightly so if the god of wine has anything to do with it. In the allusion, Dickens says that the Law profession is a leader in its Bacchanalian traits and that Stryver is certainly leading the group in that fashion. The allusion then just is that men of the law, especially Stryver, are rowdy and drunken people, much like Bacchus would be. Also if you have the time or the strong want to see what kind of god we're talking about here, i strongly encourage you to quick look up and watch the third movement of the Pastoral Symphony from Disney's Fantasia. You'll notice that the event in this part is one of Bacchus' wine festivals and it doesn't take much to figure out which one of the characters is the drunken god.
 * __Cinderella's Godmother - 2-6, Pg 103__**
 * __Cinderella's Godmother - 2-6, Pg 103__**
 * The movie Cinderella has a character,The fairy Godmother.She shows up when Cinderella is down and out andtakes Cinderella from her state of loneliness and poverty into a world of magic and pleasure. The Fairy Godmother transforms ordinary things such as mice and pumpkins into wonderous items in order for Cinderella to look beyond her stature. But she mentions it will all return to its natural state by midnight and leaves.
 * 1) Mrs. Pross is referred to as Cinderella’s godmother as she can take anything and everything and create marvelous meals. Cinderella’s godmother can change objects into anything she pleases, and this is what Mrs. Pross does. Mrs. Pross takes random foods and turns them into delicious dinners. She has uncovered culinary mysteries, however, these marvels can be short lived.
 * 2) Not only can we look at the fact that Miss Pross is a wonderful chef, but we can look at her as a protector for Lucie throughout the entire book. Yes, the Fairy Godmother in Cinderella knows how to take things and make them better like Miss Pross does with her cooking but she also protects Cinderella and makes sure she is happy, like Miss Pross does for Lucie. Miss Pross raised Lucie as her own child and could have gotten killed by Madame Defarge in the end of the book just to make sure Lucie could be with Darnay. Miss Pross only wants the best for Lucie and would do anything to be sure that Lucie is safe and with her true love, like the Fairy Godmother who does everything so that Cinderella can go to the ball and be with her prince. Throughout the book Miss Pross is with Lucie, by her side, through thick and thin. Fairy Godmother too can show up at any moment to make sure that Cinderella is safe.

"The father had long ago taken up his bundle and hidden himself away from it, when the woman who had tended the bundle while it lay on the base of the fountain, sat there watching the running of the water and the rolling of the Fancy Ball -- when the one woman who had stood conspicuous, knitting, still knitted on with the steadfastness of Fate."
 * __Fate (the Fates) - 2-7, Pg 117__**


 * The reference to Fate relates back to Green mythology. The Fates were three old beings who came before the Gods. They controlled everyone’s destiny through the thread of life. One would spin the thread to begin a life, one would make decisions on when to end it, and the final Fate would cut the thread when it was that person’s time.
 * Steadfast is defined as firmly established or consistent.


 * 1) This allusion to the Greek mythological characters demonstrates that the deceased child in this passage along with every other individual has their destiny predetermined; in comparison to the conspicuous woman, the allusion creates an idea in readers’ minds that this character represents the trio who decides when exactly each person is born and dies; his unfortunate child fell victim to a harsh but not uncommon decision on the Fates part for a tragic and early death.
 * 2) The suspicious woman is knitting with the “steadfastness of Fate,” and the woman is “still” knitting because she is busy; fate doesn’t rest; it constantly needs to begin and end lives, as depressing as that may be.

"Heralded by a courier in advance, and by the cracking of his postilions' whips, which twined snake-like about their heads in the evening air, as if he came attended by the Furies, Monsieur the Marquis drew up in his traveling carriage at the posting-house gate."
 * __The Furies - 2-8, Pg 119__**
 * The Furies or Erinyes of Greek mythology were goddesses of punishment. They punished anyone guilty of a crime especially murder, theft, and the greatest crime of all to them, one within the family. This comes from how their own grandfather had castrated their father during their birth. As a result they are most vindictive of things within the family. Their punishments include tormenting their subjects with madness and diseases or even plagues. The Furies were also servants to the underworld where they oversaw the torturing of criminals.

__**Gorgon - Book 2 - Chapter 9, Pg 123 (this is the chapter title, so consider the chapter as a whole in your explanation)**__ > **__Drawn to the Loadstone Rock - Book 2 - Chapter 24, Pg 240__** "Drawn to the Loadstone Rock"
 * A greek historic reference is being made by using Gorgon in this chapter. Gorgon is a group of mythical greek sisters whose hair was venomous snakes but more importantly to the illusion had the ability to turn people into stone. Coming from the greek word "gorgós" meaning dreadful, these three sisters always have a hateful and dark sense of being when referenced to.
 * The chapter title “Drawn to the Loadstone Rock” refers to the story “The Third Calender’s Tale” from //Arabian Nights//. A loadstone is a magnet, and in this story the prince Ajib, who is also a mendicant dervish (a muslim who lives life simply and in poverty for his religion), tells the tale in which his ship is “drawn to a loadstone rock” while on a voyage of discovery. The loadstone rock ruins and sinks the ship as it pulls out all of its nails- stranding Ajib on an island. Ajib eventually saves himself, listening to advice from a dream, and he is rescued by a boat from the island so he can continue his adventures. This represents that people may be drawn into unfortunate situations but may be saved/can save themselves.


 * 1) France, a country which is on the verge of imploding, is the loadstone rock of the book. It is the single object which could easiest destroy Darnay, yet it is the one to which he is most drawn. It tempts him to leave his family, his beautiful little girl and even his adoring wife. Though Darnay believes that he will be able to enter and leave France at will, after rescuing an old servant, he is actually be drawn to something that will ruin his life, and in fact try to take it. This "
 * 2) As seen in the "Gorgon's Head", Darnay mentions how his family is "reaping the fruits of wrong." This shows his resentment towards the family's aristocracy his uncle stands for. While contemplating on whether to rescue his old servant Gabelle, Darnay knows he "had acted imperfectly" by not holding up his family's reputation. He decides to go to Paris based upon the personal relationship he has with Gabelle. This is much more important to him than supporting the crumbling aristocracy that he despised anyway. He even considers gaining some "influence to guide this...revolution that was running so fearfully wild." However, this wild revolution is what is drawing him in. Darnay is blind because the people oppressed by the aristocracy are not the same as how he had left them. He believes because he and the rebelling people share a hatred for the aristocratic system, they can be allies. However, this Loadstone Rock, the carnage of France, has no rules or alliances and is only leading Darnay to his death. This powerful Rock is simply untamable and attracts -perhaps indirectly as with Darnay- many like a moth to the flame.

__**Knitting-2-17-Pg 185**__ “So much was closing in about the woman who sat knitting, knitting, that they their very selves were closing in around a structure yet unbuilt, where they were sit to knitting, knitting, counting dropping heads.”
 * In knitting, “dropping heads” could mean two things. The act of accidentally dropping a stitch tends to happen when a person knits very fast. When the stitch is dropped, the whole row of stitches, or even the whole piece, comes undone. It could also just mean the general art of knitting, but cultural differences may make the wording hard to interpret.
 * "Dropping heads" can be interpreted as a metaphor in either instance. The "heads" or "stitches" in knitting can be paralleled to the heads literally being dropped during the Revolution. While a very interesting explanation - and one I'm glad to have read - the idea of knitting itself is not alluding to a known figure/element in literature and should not be included in this section.

"The Vengeance, uttering terrific shrieks, and flinging her arms about her head like all the forty Furies at once, was tearing from house to house, rousing the women.
 * __Even More Furies 2-22 Page 172__**
 * The Furies are goddesses of revenge who are sometimes called Those who walk in darkness. They haunt criminals, especially those who kill or commit wrongs against blood relatives, regardless of motivation until they go insane and die. Even though this is a definition of the furies it is a perfect description of Madame Defarge and the qhote shows that she is spreading this way of thinking to the rest of the women of France.

“The mender of roads, and two hundred and fifty particular friends, stood with folded arms at the fountain, looking at the pillar of fire in the sky, 'It must be forty feet hight,' said they, grimly; and never moved.” I'm not sure this is a literary allusion - must provide an explanation in addition to adding an entry
 * "The Fire Rises"- Chapter 23 the Second Book (**the villagers watch the chateau of the Marquis d'Evremonde burn.)

**Biblical Allusions**

"In both countries it was clearer than crystal to the lords of the State preserves of loaves and fishes, that things in general were settled for ever." > Why was it necessary? In terms of parables, what lesson can we learn from this? This gave the people the belief that they were equal to Jesus, because they ate the same food that he did, and they sat with him while they ate it. He showed the masses that no matter what, He would be able to take care of them, the people - this gave them faith in Him.
 * __Loaves and Fishes - Book 1 - Chapter 1, Pg 5__**
 * The "loaves and fishes" deal with Matthew 14:17-21 where bread and fish were miraculously multiplied to feed the faithful - Expand explanation - i.e., Who did the multiplying? Jesus was walking with his disciples among the masses of people who were listening to him speak, and asking him to heal their sick. In the evening, Jesus' disciples said that he should send the people away so that could go and buy themselves food for dinner. Jesus, instead of sending the masses of people away, took the five loaves of bread and two fish the disciples had and multiplied them so that every person could eat.
 * 1) The allusion to the loaves and fish is ironic because the lords kept game in reserves to hunt for sport rather than to feed the citizens - Explain the irony - It contrasts the good that came from the small amount of food which multiplied to feed many people, as opposed to the same quantity of food accomplishing nothing at the hands of the aristocrats; this invokes sympathy for what happens because of wastefulness - HOW? A reader would probably question, "if a small amount of food could feed a multitude of people, why couldn't a large amount of food feed only a small amount of people?" the answer being the greed of the aristocrats; this establishes the cruel nature of those in power
 * 2) The word "preserve" could also be interpreted as a sphere of responsibility; in other words, the aristocrats were not technically responsible for feeding the masses, but were immoral not to - a great start to a point, but it needs to be expanded. Why does the word "preserve" absolve the aristocracy from responsibility? Is Dickens trying to make a distinction between legal and moral responsibility? The word "preserve" relieves the aristocracy of any guilt associated with the fact that people are starving and they have an ample amount of game that they use to hunt for sport because legally they are doing nothing wrong. Legally, this is the Royalty's responsibility, but morally it is also the aristocrat’s responsibility. It is every human’s responsibility to do what they can for the greater good of society even though the law does not always go along with this. Since the aristocracy is not breaking any laws, they are free of legal resposibility which is, unfortunitally, the only responsibility that will hold up in court.
 * 3) This passage is used to exemplify the harshness of the society in which the story takes place and helps to understand the positions and attitudes of the social classes - fair enough, but what is Dickens really saying about society given that he begins the sentence invoking both countries (not just France) and ends with the assertion that "things in general were settled for ever"?
 * 4) When Dickens mentions both countries, although France was the one with the revolution in the book, he is implying that something of that nature is very likely to happen in England as well. He juxtaposes the two in a sense to show that the situations are similar and the outcomes might be as well. When he mentions that "things in general were settled forever" he is referring to the fact that if things do not change and if people do not learn from the past that the future of England was already decided before anything had even taken place simply because of the flagrant disregard of the past and the changes that need to be made.
 * 5) This type of cruelty prepares the reader for the more extreme injustice of Carton's death, and helps make sense right away of the fact that there is no good reason for the horrible deeds of the upper class by tying it to a familiar story for contrast and the effect of shocking the reader - quite possibly, but this assertion needs clarification and to be pushed fully to the logical conclusion, not left at the stage of speculation Carton's death was unjust, however, I do not consider it to be a case of extreme injustice because Carton received moral reconciliation for his sacrifice. The regret he feels about the way he lived his life tells me he is searching for an opportunity, which so happened to be his death, to gain acceptance and fulfillment at the end of his life. This is no justification for the cruel complacency of the upper class toward the misery of the lower. Although helpful in putting the views of the upper class into perspective, this allusion did not shock or prepare me for Carton's fate. Unlike the oppression of the upper class, I see Carton's death as triumphant and joyous. He lost his life, yet fought the Revolution in his own way, through deception and emotional overcoming of the upper, preserving Darney, the real object of their hatred, who in his youth has the time and spirit to fight in his place.
 * 6) I find it interesting that the author chose to use this biblical reference when describing the mindset of the ruling bodies of that time. It shows that those who were in charge just expected everything to work itself out seemingly, without really doing anything to better the societies that they ruled upon. This biblical reference from the book of Matthew, expresses how it didn’t matter how many people were there, because no matter the size there would be enough food due to the divine powers of God. The author uses this quote to express how the rulers must have felt that they could do the same towards multiple aspects of their country since they allowed their people to simply bleed out without any sort of help assuming that all would work itself out.

"The text of his order (altered from the original by only a pronoun, which is not much) ran: 'The earth and the fulness thereof are mine,' saith Monseigneur.'"
 * __Psalm 24:1 - 2-3, pg 109__**
 * This allusion refers to a psalm (a sacred song or hymn used for worship) of David, a king, that states, “The earth is the LORD's and the fullness thereof, the world and those who dwell therein” The Lord is the one who created the earth; therefore, he has the right to keep it to himself. However, he chooses to share it with everyone. With this being stated, he doesn’t have to ask for things from anyone else or repay them in anyway. In fact, it is the other way around. Some of the lines following the specific one alluded to are as follows: “ He who has clean hands and a pure heart, who has not lifted up his soul to falsehood and has not sworn deceitfully. He shall receive a blessing from the LORD and righteousness from the God of his salvation” (24:4-5). In other words, those who are worthy enough of being at level of “God” will be saved by him. The people are the ones asking to be saved by him.
 * 1) Dickens sarcastically comments on the change made from the biblical quote about the Lord’s possession of everything. Dickens implies that according to the aristocrats, the world rightfully revolves around and belongs to them. They put themselves as equals to God without the purity or kindness that God is supposed to have. Dickens’ comment that the change is “not much” further emphasizes that the change of subjects is insignificant in the eyes of the aristocrats.
 * 2) This quote from the book accurately describes the lack of humility and compassion for others that the nobles obtain.The words he says act as blasphemy against the bible because he is essentially putting himself in the place of god. This adds absurdity to the attitude of the aristocrats in that they are so full of themselves they can't even think about the wants of others. This is important to the character development of the nobles so that the reader understands how unfair they are being to the people.

"He had now to attend while Mr.Stryver fitted the prisoner's case on the jury, like a compact suit of clothes; showing them how the patriot, Barsad, was a hired spy and traitor, an unblushing trafficker in blood, and one of the greatest scoundrels upon earth since accursed Judas."
 * __Judas - 2-3, Pg 77__**
 * This allusion refers to the ultimate betrayal of Jesus by one of his own disciples. Judas sold Jesus over to the chief priests for silver, leading to the death of Jesus on the cross. Because of this, like the above quotation says, Judas is considered to be "accursed" and a "scoundrel". The betrayal of Jesus is found in Matthew 26:14-16. "Then one of the Twelve-called Judas Iscariot- went to the chief priests and asked, "What are you willing to give me if I deliver him over to you?" So they counted out for him thirty pieces of silver. From then on Judas watched for an opportunity to hand him over" (Matthew 26:14-16). This betrayal is considered to be one of the most detestable of all time.
 * Judas Iscariot is known as the apostle who betrayed Jesus Christ for 30 pieces of silver. His weakness had been money, however it is possible he betrayed Christ because Judas thought he had failed the country of Israel. Luke 22:3-6 states that Satan had entered Judas and called him to do it. Judas is now used as a synonym for betrayer, and many still consider him a traitor.
 * Some speculate that Judas's label as a betrayer may not be from his betrayal of Christ. From the Gospels' text, it is possible that his damnation came from the despair which caused him to commit suicide, an act worse than treachery.
 * 1) As mentioned in the descriptions of Judas, we see how Judas represents betrayal. This is important in //A Tale of Two Cities//, the idea of betrayal is brought up multiple times throughout the book. Many of the leading reasons why people were killed was due to the supposed betrayal of their country. Barsad was an important figure in the French Revolution but secretly he was a spy for England, showing the disloyalty of one country to another.

"Unbelieving Philosophers who were remodeling the world with words, and making card-towers of Babel to scale the skies with, talked with Unbelieving Chemists who had an eye on the transmutation of metals, at this wonderful gathering accumulated by Monseigneur."
 * __Tower of Babel - 2-7, Pg 110-111__**
 * The Tower of Babel refers to Genesis 11:1-9. After the great flood of Noah’s time all the people shared the same language and were in one place. They decided to build a giant tower to the heavens, the Tower of Bebel, because they wanted to be important and “make a name for themselves”. God realized that as a single, united force people could do whatever they wanted, so he scattered the people around the world and made many different languages. Hence people were only able to babble at each other without understanding and the project failed.

"If the Day of Judgement had only been ascertained to be a dress day, everybody there would have been eternally correct." __**Lucifer - 2-24, pg 243**__ "It had never been a good eye to see with - had long had the mote in it of Lucifer's pride, Sardanapalus's luxury, and a mole's blindness - but it had dropped out and was gone."
 * __Day of Judgement - 2-7, pg 112__**
 * The Day of Judgement is the day in the end of times when Jesus will sit on his throne and judge every human according to what he has done on earth.
 * 1) The upperclassmen's dress can be interpreted to act as a cloak for all the bad they have done. Of course they were all dressed well, but a greater god about to judge them would surely see past their wealth and see how they obtained it. They used unjust ways and were doomed to hell.
 * The “mote” that is mentioned at the beginning of the passage from __A Tale of Two Cities__ alludes to Matthew 7:3-5 in the Bible. This verse stimulates thought on hypocrisy and seeks to demonstrate the lesson of judging yourself before you judge the ones around you. Lucifer is a name that, in English, is generally related to the devil before being cast from heaven. The usage of this name was coined from a particular interpretation of Isaiah 14:3-20 from the Bible and, likewise, refers to Lucifer’s pride that came before his fall from heavens. Omit this part because it also shows up under historical allusion - Lastly, “Sardanapalus’ luxury” references the last king of Assyria, during 7th century B.C., who was well known for leading a decadent lifestyle and spent the majority of his time in self-indulgence. He believed that “physical gratification is the only purpose in life” and as a result of his selfish actions he eventually died in a carousel of destruction.

"Though days and nights circled as regularly as when time was young, and the evening and morning were the first day, other count of time there was none." > "I am the Resurrection and the Life, saith the Lord: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: and whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die."
 * __The Creation - 3-4, Pg 271__**
 * This allusion references to Genesis 1:1-31 where the days were first created and that time was so new that one could not fathom its purpose. Verse 1: 3-5 states, "And God said, 'Let there be light', and there was light. And God saw the light was good. And God separated the light from the darkness. God called the light Day and the darkness he called Night." When God created the first days there was an inherent harmony which proceeded mankind's fall into sin and its related evil. During the on-going war throughout the novel, daily life was turned upside down. Violence replaced the peace that the people took for granted everyday. No one was sure when this new existence would ever change.
 * __Lazarus - 3-15__**
 * This allusion is the reference to John 11:25-26 in the Bible where Jesus explained to his disciples that Lazarus had passed away four days earlier. Martha, Lazarus's sister and somewhat blames Jesus for his death knowing that He is capable of doing the impossible (miracles). All that Jesus said in reply was that "You don't have to wait for the End. I am, right now, Resurrection and Life. The one who believes in me, even though he or she dies, will live. And everyone who lives believing in me does not ultimately die at all..." exactly as Carton said as he found peace with himself in the end of his life. In all, Jesus is saying that because Lazarus believed and followed the Lord, Lazarus will never truly die instead, he'll live forever in heaven with God. In addition, Jesus both resurrects those who follow him and gives them life; even in death they live within Him.


 * 1) Carton is placing himself at the level of Jesus when saying he is the Resurrection and the Life. The allusion gives the reader a better understanding of the equality Carton is placing himself under when he sacrifices his life so that Lucie and Darney can live in happiness. It shows that he is doing the greatest dead of all and sacraficing himself for love of another. He will live through their happiness even though he no longer did just as Jesus believed Lazarus did.
 * 2) The allusion solidifies the theme of redemption in the novel. A theme that is reflected in most of the characters, but with prarticular resound in the case of carton. While jesus didnt undero the same sort of redemption process that sydney does over the course of the novel, you could argue that christ, himself, is a symbol of redemption ( as his death is used to redeem humanity). Like Carton, Jesus' execution saves others, and, like jesus, Carton expects to live on in memory of those who knew him and his grand finale.

__**Jezabels - 3-15; 2nd P, pg 385**__ "Change these back again to what they were, thou powerful enchanter, Time, and they shall be seen to be the carriage of absolute monarchs, the equipages of feudal nobles, the toilettes of flaring Jezabels, the churches that are not my father's house but dens of theives, the huts of millions of peasants!" > ===== =====
 * =====This allusion is a reference to the bible and King Ahab's wife This explanation needs to be expanded - describe her; describe her husband; what were the circumstances surrounding her controversy =====
 * =====the term "Jezabel" has now come to be associated with cruel or wicked women Why? =====
 * =====Jezebel was a queen spoken of in the Bible in the book of Kings. She was King Ahab's wife and they were both very greedy. Her husband, Ahab, wanted Naboth's, a commoner, vineyard to use as a vegetable garden. Naboth denied him of this because the Lord did not want him to give away his inheritance. Ahab sulked over this and refused to eat. Jezebel promised the vineyard to Ahab to cheer him up. So, she wrote letters in Ahab's name to all the elders in Naboth's city that told them to stone Naboth. Naboth was stoned and Jezebel told Ahab to take the vineyard; so he did. Then the Lord told a prophet, Elijah, to scold Naboth and tell him that him and Jezebel will die terrible deaths and bring disaster to their descendents.=====
 * =====In second Kings, Jezebel "painted her eyes, and arranged her hair" this is connected to the "toilettes" which is sort of saying she was high maintenance. She did that right before she was thrown out a window, trampled by horses, and eaten by dogs, dying her deserved terrible death.=====


 * 1) The fact that Dickens decided to include this allusion is significant to the passage for two reasons. First off, it gives a biblical sense to the passage which is later tied in again with talks of the Creator. Second, it is a way of describing the wealthy women of the time before the revolution in a derogatory way. These women clearly abused their power and were "wicked" the poor to the point that a revolution was deemed necessary.

__**"Not my father's house" (Mark 11.17) - 3-15; 2nd P, pg 385**__ "Change these back again to what they were, thou powerful enchanter, Time, and they shall be seen to be the carriage of absolute monarchs, the equipages of feudal nobles, the toilettes of flaring Jezabels, the churches that are not my father's house but dens of theives, the huts of millions of peasants!"
 * This allusion is refering to when Jesus cleared the temple in Jerusalem. The people in in Jerusalem had turned the temple into a market place instead of the place of worship that it was. In righteous zeal, Jesus overturned the tables and benches of the money changers who had turned the temple into " a den of thieves".


 * 1) Dickens inclusion of this allusion relates the idea that the revolution was caused by how people were acting in the past. In particular, this allusion is stating that before the chaos of the revolution, people were doing things they new were wrong and profiting from it. The allusion is especially strong in its inclusion of religious disobedience when religion is the basis for morals.Therefore, the allusion implies that people were not living up to their moral standards and obligations in favor of personal gain.

"The name of the strong man of Old Scripture had descended to the chief funtionary who worked it; but, so armed, he was stronger than his namesake, and blinder, and tore away the gates of God's own temple every day."
 * __Samson (Judges 13-16)- 3-4, pg 212__**
 * The mentioning of "the strong man of Old Scripture" is a allusion to Samson, a man endowed with great strength that is featured in the bible. Samson was a man who was gifted with great strength by god but was overcome with sinful desires. He is eventually subdued and his eyes are gouged out by villagers.The fact that the executioner was named Samson conveys the idea the the true strength of the revolution lies in the guillotine. It is a strength that can and has overpowered many people during its time. To say that the executioner was "blinder" also alludes to the blinding of Samson when he was subdued in the Bible. The guillotine was blind in the sense that it took lives blindly and unjustly. Those who were not 100% with the revolution were killed. The guillotine and executioner represent a blind strength just as Samson did. The phrase "tore away the gates of God's own temple every day" refers to the great strength of Samson. (Allusion and first Bullet point completed by Taki Panagiotopoulos)

**Historical Allusions** "Was so close to him when he dropped dead under it, that, suddenly animated, she put her foot upon his neck, and with her cruel knife—long ready—hewed off his head." 1. This helps the reader understand that the complete brutality of the french people during the French Revolution was not fictional. The beheading of Jacque De Launay in real life helps the reader comprehend that the governor suffered brutalitys that government officials had to surcome in the real life French Revoluton, not just Charles Dickens portryal of it. __**American Revolution - 1-1, Pg 5**__ "Mere messages in the earthly order of events had lately come to the English Crown and People, from a congress of British subjects in America: which, strange to relate, have proved more important to the human race than any communication yet received through any of the chickens of the Cock-lane brood.
 * __The Killing of The Governor- Chpt 21 Book 2 pg 270__**
 * This refers to the actual beheading of Jacque de Launay, who was a governor during France during the French Revolution. The death of the governor in the novel is direct referance to the actual beheading of a governor that happened in real life. Dickens portrayal of a beheading of a governor was just as violent as Jacque de Launays, he was beheaded and his people had no mercy for him even when he tried to apologize to them.
 * The American Revolution inspired the French citizens to have a revolution of their own. The French saw how the Americans freed themselves from the British monarchy, and that gave them a bit of a shove in the direction of revolution.
 * Not only did the American Revolution inspire the French Revolution, but the ideas of liberalism that the American Revolution was based on due to the Enlightenment were also what drove the French Revolution. The American Revolution completely got rid of the monarchy, salutory neglect, and parliamentary governing, which inspired the French people to declare war on their monarchy and any other monarchies in existence. This was "important to the human race" because the people got what they were fighting for and were able to rid of the corrupt governments they had previously been forced to put up with.

__**Making Shoes - 1-5/6, Pg 41**__ "Yet, work of that kind was being done in the garret; for, with his back towards the door, and his face towards the window where the keeper of the wine-shop stood looking at him, a white-haired man sat on a low bench, stooping forward and very busy, making shoes."
 * This is the first scene in which Dr. Manette is introduced into the book. Bringing him into the story using this scene where he is hunched over and looks worn and tired, creates an initial and automatic opinion of Dr. Manette. He is resembled as to have gone through so many tough times during his life, that he is doing the only thing left that makes him feel secure. He occupies his mind and focuses on only one thing; making shoes.
 * 1) Prison was a dark place for Dr. Manette that allowed him to greatly change as a man. With his mind unoccupied and free to wonder, he compensated by making shoes to occupy his hands. Now, even though he is free, he can’t escape the prison of his own mind, so he continues to make shoes. Due to the fact that this skill learned while imprisoned, it further emphasizes the fact that this is indeed a comfort mechanism. Manette illustrates Dicken's motif of the mystery that surrounds each individual. Both reader and the characters never learn how he ended up incarcerated but the multiple relapses of shoe making signify his pain.
 * 2) This allusion is extremely improtant in order to display the state in which Dr. Manette is in. He is tied to his shoe-making obsession while he is imprisoned. At this point in the story, he is absolutley unable to focus his attention on anything else. Curing his obsession was an extreme struggle, but he achieves it in the end. The shoes may represent his journey to a healthy state of mind. His obsession with making shoes may be linked to Lucie. For example, a shoe maker would usually create multiple styles of shoes. Dr. Manette only makes women's shoes. Whether he is aware of this or not, this may be because of his lost relationship with his daughter. As we read on, their relationship strengthens and Lucie becomes a key factor in why Dr. Manette is able to leave his shoe making behind. Dickens's choice to depict Manette as an obsessive shoe maker strategically gave his readers a lot more insight into the depth of this situation.

"From these decayed sons and daughters of Gaul, she had acquired such wonderful arts, that the woman and girl who formed the staff of domestics regarded her as quite a Sorceress, or Cinderella's Godmother: who would send out for a fowl, a rabbit, a vegetable or two from the garden, and change them into anything she pleased."
 * __Gaul - 2-6, Pg 103__**
 * Definition/Explanation?
 * 1) This entry is referring the historical allusion to Gaul, not to the literary allusion to Cinderalla. Miss. Pross is being compared to "Sorceress" or "Cinderella's Godmother" because Dickens is alluding to the story of //Cinderella//. In //Cinderella// the grandmother is able to change many things in Cinderella's life such as the pumpkin, the rat and the mice to be changed into things such as a coach, horses, and servants. All these things changed to take Cinderella to the Ball. Relating back to Miss. Pross, she has similar abilities to transform things into something more wanted.

"It had never been a good eye to see with - had long had the mote in it of Lucifer's pride, Sardanapalus's luxury, and a mole's blindness - but it had dropped out and was gone."
 * __Sardanapalus - 2-24, pg 243__**
 * Sardanapalus was the last king of Assyria. Like most kings he loved the fact that he had a lot of money and valuable possesions but he knew his downfall was bound to come. So he trapped himself inside a tomb with all his possesions in it and ended up dying in it.
 * 1) This quote is explaining the nature of the Court. The Court was corrupt and hid behind its sense of power, wealth, and riches. The Court held on to its riches until it began to fall apart along with all sense of order in the Revolution.

"What private solicitude could rear itself against the deluge of the Year One of Liberty - the deluge rising from below, not falling from above, and with the windows of Heaven shut, not opened!"
 * __French Revolutionary Calendar - 3-4, Pg 271__**
 * During the more extreme part of the French Revolution, after the Jacobin group had taken over certain customs were changed in Paris such as the calendar as the dechristianization effort. This was done at the height of the extremities when the terror and revolution was at its peak as the Reign of Terror crossed the countryside. It seems as though the allusion is making a comparison between the “deluge” of the French Revolution and the “deluge” referenced in Genesis 7:11. There is great destruction followed by starting over in time, a fresh start in a new way but Heaven and old customs are not welcomed.

__**La Guillotine-3-15-Pg 367**__ “Six tumbrils carry the day’s wine to La Guillotine.”
 * The statement itself is a personification of the Guillotine, but in order to understand the personification, one must understand that the Guillotine was the main tool used to carry out executions during the French Revolution. Since the number of executions in France at the time were very high and not necessarily justified, the Guillotine is personified as a drinker of wine, and the wine is a metaphor for blood.
 * 1) The fact that Dickens alluded to the Guillotine in this way is a symbol for the chaos that this revolution brought about. The Guillotine was dsecribed as a monster with a thirst for blood that couldn't be quenched. This is parallel with the revolutionaries spilling blood just cause they have no other way of controlling things, a hypocritical way of doing things when looking at the previous government. The lack of control in this society all comes back to this mechanism of death that seems the answer to the people in control, yet is destroying France.

__**The Storming of the Bastille-Book 2-Chapter 21-Page 276**__ “Then suddenly the crowd surged and carried Defarge the wine seller over the lowered drawbridge, past the huge stone outer walls, and in toward the eight large towers that had been surrendered!”
 * This refers to the Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789. An angry mob, furious because of the inequality of their government and constant starvation, took over the French prison in search of prisoners and weaponry. It was the first big attack by revolutionaries

__**Jacques - 1-5-p.37**__ "How goes it, Jacques?"
 * Jacques is a common French name, and it also represents French peasant class. Also, the term "Jacquerie" means a revolt in medieval France in 14th century. Thus, "jacques" shows the position of Defarge's wineshop in the society in //Tale of Two Cities// and foreshadows the French Revolution.